Naming Systems and Patterns

\n\nIt is not unusual in genealogical research, in all countries, to find certain families using a given name again and again, generation after generation. While naming patterns are never conclusive and vary from culture to culture and region to region, there are some standards which were prevalent throughout most of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Several different patters are outlined here, including \n• Standard Naming Pattern (1700 - 1850) \n• Old Jones Naming Pattern \n• 19th Century Naming Pattern \n• Scottish/Irish and early Dutch Naming Pattern (1700 - 1800) \n• Irish Naming Pattern (1800s) \n• Italian Naming Pattern \n• German Naming Pattern \n• Welsh Naming Patterns \n• Colonial American Naming Patterns\n\nPeople being what they are, there were all sorts of variations, some covered by rules and some by family decision.\n\nIt was customary to name the next daughter/son born within a second marriage for the deceased husband/wife. If a father died before his child was born, the child was often named for him. If a mother died in childbirth, that child, if a girl, was usually named for the mother. It was common to \'replace\' a child that died by giving the next child of that gender the same name. This is a useful way of dating deaths.\n\nOther modifications to the model would be applied were the naming pattern was already satisfied. For instance if the Mothers Name was Martha, and her mothers name was Martha, the the third daughter may be given the mothers middle name, or alternatively move straight to the fourth daughter pattern.\n\nStandard Naming Pattern 1700 - 1850 \nThe standard naming pattern was commonly used in england and the americas \nfirst son father\'s father first daughter mother\'s mother \nsecond son mother\'s father second daughter father\'s mother \nthird son father\'s name third daughter mother \nfourth son father\'s eldest brother fourth daughter mother\'s eldest sister \nfifth son father\'s second oldest brother or mother\'s eldest brother fifth daughter mothers second eldest sister or fathers eldest sister\n\n\nOld Jones Naming Pattern \nThis pattern is a minor variation on the Standard English Naming Pattern. This model was used quite extensively by many ex-slaves after emancipation. \nfirst son father\'s father first daughter mother\'s mother \nsecond son mother\'s father second daughter father\'s mother \nthird son father\'s name third daughter mother \nfourth+ son fathers favorite brother or friend fourth+ daughter mothers favorite sister or friend\n\n\n19th Century Naming Patterns \nAn extended modification to the Standard English Pattern \nfirst son paternal grandfather first daughter maternal grandmother \nsecond son maternal grandfather second daughter paternal grandmother \nthird son father\'s paternal grandfather third daughter mother or for mother\'s maternal grandmother \nfourth son father\'s oldest brother or mother\'s paternal grandfather fourth daughter mother\'s oldest sister or for father\'s paternal grandmother \nfifth son mother\'s eldest brother or father\'s maternal grandfather fifth daughter father\'s eldest sister or for mother\'s paternal grandmother \nsixth son father\'s second oldest brother or for mother\'s maternal grandfather sixth daughter mother\'s second oldest sister or for father\'s paternal grandmother\n\n\nScots/Irish and early Dutch Naming Pattern 1700 - 1800 \nThis Scottish naming patterns are outlined in the book "In Search of Scottish Ancestry". The basic naming pattern used by Scots/Irish is based on the English pattern. The Scottish tended to stick to one of two accepted naming pattern more rigidly than other nationalities. \nfirst son paternal grandfather first daughter maternal grandmother \nsecond son maternal grandfather second daughter paternal grandmother \nthird son father third daughter mother \nfourth+ son other family members fourth+ daughter other family members\n\nThis variation was common in Scotland, particularly in the highland areas. \nfirst son maternal grandfather first daughter paternal grandmother \nsecond son paternal grandfather second daughter maternal grandmother \nthird son father third daughter mother \nfourth+ son other family members fourth+ daughter other family members\n\n\nIrish 1800\'s \nThe irish model is consistent with the Standard Naming pattern for the first two sons and daughter. For the third child of each gender onward, alternate names are used, based on the Grandmother\'s, Grandfather\'s, Mother\'s, Aunt\'s, and Uncle\'s names. \nfirst son full name of paternal grandfather first daughter full name of paternal grandmother \nsecond son full name of maternal grandfather second daughter full name of maternal grandmother\n\n\nItalian Naming Pattern \nThis is one of the only naming patterns where the fathers and mothers names are not used \nfirst son paternal grandfather first daughter paternal grandmother \nsecond son maternal grandfather second daughter maternal grandmother \nthird son father\'s oldest brother third daughter father\'s eldest sister \nfourth son mother\'s eldest brother fourth daughter mother\'s oldest sister\n\n\nGerman Naming Patterns \nIn German families, the researcher might notice a few variations from the English pattern listed above. In German families, it was customary to give, at baptism, two names. The first was a spiritual or a saint\'s name in honor of a favorite saint. The second or middle name was the name the person was known by within the family. For example, you may see in one family a Johann Adam, Johann George, Johann Jacob Hetzel and some favorite female names were Anna Barbara and Anna Margaret Hetzel. It was also common practice in some German families to add the suffix "in" or "en", added to the end of a name, such as Anna Maria Hetzelin denoted female, often an unmarried female.\n\nThere are three common naming patterns used by German families. Whenever a duplicate name occurred in these patterns, the next name in the series was used. If a child died in infancy the name was often reused for the next child of the same gender. A rare twist occurred sometimes. A child�s name would be reused when a spouse died and the surviving spouse remarried and had more children with the next spouse. \nPattern A \nfirst son father\'s father first daughter father\'s mother \nsecond son mother\'s father second daughter mother\'s mother \nthird son father third daughter mother \nfourth son father�s paternal grandfather fourth daughter father�s paternal grandmother \nfifth son mothers�s paternal grandfather fifth daughter mothers�s paternal grandmother \nsixth son father�s maternal grandfather sixth daughter father�s maternal grandmother \nseventh son mothers�s maternal grandfather seventh daughter mothers�s maternal grandmother \nPattern B \nfirst son father\'s father first daughter father�s mother \nsecond son mother\'s father second daughter mother�s mother \nthird son father third daughter mother \nfourth son father�s paternal grandfather fourth daughter mothers�s paternal grandmother \nfifth son mothers�s paternal grandfather fifth daughter father�s paternal grandmother \nPattern C \nfirst son father�s father first daughter father�s mother \nsecond son mother�s father second daughter mother�s mother \nthird son father�s oldest brother third daughter mother�s oldest sister \nfourth son father fourth daughter mother\n\n\nWelsh Naming Patterns \nThe Welsh used an ancient Patronymic naming system whereby the children of a marriage took their fathers forename as their surname. Women rarely took on their husband\'s family names, rather retaining their maiden names. This makes family history complex, but there was a commonly used naming standard in place that combined the use of christian names with patronymic surnames. \nfirst son full name of paternal grandfather first daughter full name of paternal grandmother \nsecond son full name of maternal grandfather second daughter full name of maternal grandmother \nthird son full name of father third daughter full name of mother\n\nUsing this model makes it relatively easy to deduce the name of grandchildren from grandparents and vice versa. An example of this in practise would be Catherine Hughes (daughter of Hugh Hughes and Susan Thomas) married Richard William (son of William Prichard and Sarah Evans) the name of their children in order would be William Prichard, Hugh Hughes, Richard William, Sarah Evans, Susan Thomas and Catherine Hughes\n\nColonial American Naming Patterns \nIn the early colonies, the eldest son was generally given the same name as his father. The second son was often given the first name of one of his uncles, generally the father\'s oldest brother. (paternal usually, unless the father had no brothers, then a maternal uncle). The middle name was either his mother\'s maiden name, or grandmother\'s maiden name. In some cases, especially in larger familes, younger sons were given the paternal grandmothers maiden name as a given name.\n\nBasically, as more children were born, more maiden names were used, but generally those in the direct line. Great grandmothers, great great grandmothers, etc. Children were often named after local heroes, or in the case of southern families, famous southern political personalities, such as Robert E. Lee, Francis Marion, Jackson, Jefferson Davis, etc, especially around the time of the civil war. Quite often these types of namings meant that the family naming patterns disappeared for a generation, but they generally returned in the next generation.\n\nWomen\'s names follow the same practices as men\'s names, but generally follow the maternal line. The eldest daughter is often named for her maternal grandmother. Once again maiden names are often used as middle names.\n\nSometimes, if the family is very large, you will only find one or two daughters with a maiden name as a middle name. Ironically, this naming pattern often makes it easy female ancestors, by taking the first name of the eldest daughter, and the middle name of the second son, you often get the grandmother.\n\nLater, families devised their own system to ensure that their offspring inherited. ie., giving all children the same middle name, denoting the fact that all with that name could inherit, and not just the oldest son.